English Language & Usage: Multi-Layered Discourse Room - 2017-12-02

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1:24 AM

2

Q: What do you call someone who studies Russia?

This is my first post and I was wondering what do you call someone who studies Russia For a living like has an academic researcher or Scholar. A sentence would be I work has a -word-. Thanks in advance for any and all help.

single-word-requests terminology academia professions russian

"Careful"

0

Q: Word that describes whether people respond

Imagine a mailing list being sent to all GP's in the country containing a long questionnaire about their practice. About 40% of the GP's reply and fill out the questionnaire. Is there a single word that could be used to describe how responsive these doctors were? My initial thought was 'responsi...

single-word-requests

We are become a stinking sewer of Single Word Requests. Just auto-close them all the first nanosecond they are first submitted, then let five members in good standing vouch for them if they would see them reopened.

Shoot 'Em All And Let God Sort 'Em Out (The Simpsons)

1:56 AM

@JohanLarsson sounds fine to me. A little formal. But you're right, not that common.

@Færd yeah that all sounds right. Well, maybe it's a little more ok with a bare thank you.

But yeah there more likely responses to just thank you

@MetaEd I go first. First move: I am the dictator.

Motion passes with no wuorum needed.

As dictator I say the next move is mine.

@MattE.Эллен: Wandering around the West End in London, one sees homes for "sale" only not really for sale: the offer is a 99-year lease. What's this all about? Is there some tax advantage? Do homes regularly come up at the end of their 99-year leases, and isn't it a nightmare finding the heirs of the original lessors, etc.? Seems puzzling to me.

Second move: I declare that I win

@tchrist I did my part yesterday. Gold-star slammer.

All in favor: yea!

All against: crickets

Motion passes

I win

@Mitch First rule of Might Club.

2:03 AM

Let's play again. That was fun

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Thank your lucky stars for ELL:

0

Q: Proper, and Grammatical Maybe Writing, of Letter?

If one may maybe like to write, about a maybe letter, what may seem like proper, and grammatically correct? I think, I have, maybe, seen, maybe, this -e-s

letters-of-the-alphabet

@tchrist I think your Beatles record is skipping

It's a good day.

Qué significa "maybe letter"?

2:05 AM

Ni puta.

@Mitch Those are votes in Congress against the United States of America.

Republican votes, it need hardly be added.

37 mins ago, by tchrist

Shoot 'Em All And Let God Sort 'Em Out (The Simpsons)

@Robusto the IFP really can't intervene at this point.

> "Today, yet another Obama administration official has pled guilty to a federal charge in a federal court."

They can change faces faster than Arya.

My brain hurts.

2:11 AM

Like children

What Etruscan sounded like and how we know

I'm surprised they forgot to mention that he's a registered Democrat. I guess the Obama-bit is their nod to Flynn's party.

@Robusto Yeah, that keeps coming up for me, too.

I should watch it just so they stop telling me to do so.

I wonder what algorithm they use to determine my interest in Etruscan.

Any way we have to wait for first contact after someone on this planet discovers warp drive FTL travel. Then we'll be able to join the federation of planets.

@Mitch What if they have their own Hair Twitler?

2:13 AM

Godwin's Law!

But masked!

I xᴏʀ’d it.

@Robusto there are no explicit articles in the IFP constitution for that

@Mitch So ... it's a constitution written in Russian?

Hmm maybe since we're playing nomic now we could just slide that rule in

@Robusto what? Naw in Andorran, Vulcan, and what is it.. Tellurian?

2:17 AM

I know Andorrans.

Then they'd add English, because that's what everybody on earth speaks

They don't speak English; they speak Catalan.

Even Russians speak English, it's like the Esperanto but for cool people

No graphic novels in Esperanto

My case is made

Those Andorrans who speak English do so as a fourth or fifth language.

Basque terrorist! You've outed yourself!

2:21 AM

Nor zara zu?

Exactly!

@Mitch And now he basques in the warm sunlight.

Gets me to the church on time

Says the cabbie: "And wot about my fare, lady?"

user image

2:32 AM

Looks like tens of people attended the Trump administration's Christmas tree lighting.

Did they bring pitchforks?

Wouldn't that be thoughtful?

I never remember to bring a pitchfork to those things.

user image

1 hour later…

3:40 AM

[ SmokeDetector | MS ] Offensive answer detected: What does the verb "nig" mean? by a deleted user on english.SE

1 hour later…

5:09 AM

0

Q: Exhausted my knee?

I have an old problem with my left knee. And if I am not careful, I end up having internal bleeding in it. I was travelling in and out of my the whole week and now my knee feels funny. Which word should I use to tell my friend that like I exhausted my knee Any other word?

single-word-requests word-choice

0

Q: Misotheism defined

This site is not letting me add a comment so I will just post this - It's not really a question. The proper word for the hatred of religion and spirituality in general, not directed at a particular religion or group, is known as misotheism. It's not a word that is used very often especially in co...

single-word-requests

5:23 AM

@Mitch Thanks.

5:52 AM

0

Q: What do you call someone who 'has'?

This question might seem slightly odd, since I'm trying to find a single word for a person who 'has' something yet does not necessarily own it. Someone who has a house for example would be called an owner. However, someone who has a conversation does not necessarily own said conversation, yet st...

single-word-requests nouns usage

6:26 AM

[ SmokeDetector | MS ] Bad keyword with a link in answer, blacklisted website in answer, link at end of answer: What are the correct ways to express parenthetical comments? by Case Studies Solutions on english.SE

1 hour later…

7:44 AM

-1

Q: What is the word to describe a man who openly accepts his crime with no guilt?

Or please describe such act in one word.

single-word-requests

8:42 AM

1

Q: Term for a reliable source of income

What is a term for a reliable, sustainable, lucrative source of income? Similar to "cash cow" but not something you have to wait for.

single-word-requests phrases expressions

8:56 AM

0

Q: A verb that means to signal or to signpost

If someone is really blatant with their intentions, you could say they're _____ their intentions. Signalling and signposting kind of work, but there's a word that's eluding me which fits this usage exactly. The connotation I'm looking for is to make really obvious or call attention to especially...

single-word-requests

2 hours later…

11:05 AM

0

Q: Agreeing on a time subject to change using the world 'preliminary'

The conversation might go something like this: Q: "What time would you like to meet next Friday?" A: "Let's say 11am preliminary" The person answering means to say 11am is not a firm time but may be changed before Friday. Is this a correct usage of preliminary? If not is there a word th...

single-word-requests word-usage

I always find it funny when people vote down a perfectly good answer. They must think they are in some way harming the person that answered. Yet they do not realize when you down-vote a perfectly good answer, you only encourage more people to upvote it, and 10-2 , is better than 0 :)

1 hour later…

12:25 PM

0

Q: What does herald in "a herald introduction" mean?

Lately, I've come across a phrase which I do not fully understand. I found it in a pdf document devoted to various reading comprehension tests. The text can be found in here. Title of the passage: Book Review on Musicophilia. One of the questions in the text mentioned above is: Question 29 ...

single-word-requests meaning word-usage synonyms ambiguity

12:51 PM

[ SmokeDetector | MS ] Manually reported answer: Word for dress-like garment with shorts instead of skirt? by swiftlily on english.SE

1

Q: A verb for not knowing the source of something because it is so "indirect"?

In the media age, we are bombarded with information. Most of the time we do not know the original source of this information. For example, the BBC broadcasts a news item, a local news agency takes it from the BBC and in turn broadcasts it, someone hears it and shares in on Facebook, her friend re...

single-word-requests phrase-requests

2 hours later…

3:17 PM

0

Q: "whose" in "which" form

Take the following sentence: I watched a video about objects whose existence seems impossible. Is the word "whose" used appropriately here? It seems like it should only refer to a person, not an object. Does a word such as "whichse" exist to take its place?

single-word-requests grammaticality

4:04 PM

can I end a question with something like "Any insight into this will be appreciated" ?

@Trey Can't see why not.

4:22 PM

Hello

I want to say in my CV my goal to to produce mobile apps that are great market value or superior to other apps in the market is there a nice statement to express that?

@tchrist I don't know if I asked this before but how long have been studying foreign languages?

5:16 PM

@Trey You have, but I don't know that I gave you a satisfying answer then nor am I certain I am able to do so now. I learned to read music almost as soon as I learned to read English, and so was precociously aware of the existence of ornate expressions that did not otherwise form a part of everyday speech with my parents: largo, allegro, fermata, da capo, marcato il canto, dal segno al fine — and many more besides.

That was surely my earliest regular exposure to Romance. I became gradually aware first of a lexis and internal morphologies, later of broader syntaxes, that were mostly alien to my mother tongue's Germanic heritage. But even here there were correspondences, most stemming from the French occupation of Britain after the Norman Conquest and the resulting infusion of Romance into the English lexis like the grafting of branches of some fancy fruit tree to the coarse rootstock of a common tree.

So for me words ending in -ando and -endo like crescendo and allargando had always “meant” something that was VERB-ing.

Then as middle school approached when I was drawn into Tolkien's writings, I could not but notice once again how his “foreign” words and phrases manifested an underlying, interlocking web of philological patterns somehow connecting them to some alien scheme: mithril for true-silver, Ered Mithrin for Grey Mountains, Mithrandir for Grey Wanderer.

Why did randir mean wander, I wondered.

So at the first opportunity I enrolled in my school's first course in Spanish back when puberty was no more than the earliest hint of predawn on the eastern horizon of adulthood.

I do not know that it is fair to say that I have been "studying" "foreign" languages in all the time since then. Certainly formal studies did not long persist after I left university, but several bouts of self-directed study into various languages, not to mention into language itself, certainly occurred after that. You constantly pick up this or that, and you fit what you've picked up into your internal web of knowledge, the connections everything holds to everything else.

When you know you're going to be working in Catalunya for a spell, you study Catalan, in Germany German, in Brazil and Portugal Portuguese.

But if live and learn means that studying is merely the process we call life, then perhaps one can justly quantify that "how long" as that entire span. I don't know.

You’ll notice I've used ornate to describe how I viewed those earliest smatterings of Italian that leaked into my conscious awareness. I was attracted to the phonoaesthetics of the Italian words. There was somehow something beautiful about them in my mind's ear. I cannot tell you why. Whatever the reason for that perception of elegance I found in Italian, Spanish manifested the same thing for the same reasons, and so a parallel attraction.

6:06 PM

It was not until I moved to Spain at age 20 that I became surrounded by people I could only communicate with if I could somehow speak a language other than English, but while that was the first such occasion, it would hardly be the last such, nor the only language in which this circumstance would arise. It regularly continues to this day as I routinely bump into Spanish speakers with virtually no English whatsoever, or even those many whose English is harder for them than Spanish is for me.

0

Q: Other words for customizability

Do you know any other words for customizability? My original sentence is: To increase customizability.

single-word-requests

I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because it meets the criteria of this guidance from Stack Exchange Management of being a mere thesaurus word-hunt of no lasting virtue in helping future visitors. — tchrist ♦ 1 min ago

And that, as they say, is that.

1 hour later…

7:30 PM

0

Q: Can we use the expression 'heavy music' talking about music like heavy metal?

Can we use the expression 'heavy music' when we mean music like 'heavy metal' or other very loud music? for example: Heavy music drives me crazy. I've tried looking it up online and in dictionaries, but couldn't find it anywhere. All I found was that it was used in the title of a song: https...

single-word-requests

@tchrist It's weird because, WTF, haven't they heard of a dictionary or ... what is it... that thing for finding synonyms? And it's easier to figure out how to sign on to SE and write out (quickly and inarticulately) what they want instead of just 'google'?

But...

sometimes those questions as bad as they are, are one of the few spots of ... interesteingness? (maybe because it is of no lasting value)

Is "drinken" a word?

Yes.

But you've asked the wrong question.

It’s Dutch not English.

Middle English spelled it drynken because they were weird. Old English spelled it drincan, which makes more sense.

Modern English spells it drink because we’ve shed the -en marker on infinitives.

Perhaps you were thinking of drunken, the adjectival form derived from the verb.

Wiktionary.org says "drinken" means "(nonstandard) past participle of drink"

8:25 PM

@JennaSloan Wiktionary says many things without citations to back them up. The OED does not recognize it.

It could be a mountweazel.

@tchrist has your account been hacked?

You've made a suggested edit which introduces errors! Fewer than it fixes, granted, but I worry!

I suspect autocorrect. . .

@terdon Ewllt?

U yjpiy oy esd pl.

@tchrist Yeah. biology.stackexchange.com/questions/68485/…

I knew whereof you spake.

Which error caught your eye?

@tchrist Um. Quite a few.

8:40 PM

I suppose I should read what I did again.

> The reason is more historical that biological.

> For examples

@tchrist That's probably for the best :)

All the sensible for sensitive stuff caught my eye. It's a typical error from "Continentals". :)

Yeah. I've been bitten by that often enough in the other direction.

I don't know whether to agree that red is hard-wired to be an alert color in the human vision system. It might be, or it might not. I do know that it catches my eye whenever I see it in the natural world: on a woodpecker, for example.

Yeah, I was wondering about that. I don't know that it is, but it does make a lot of sense.

8:46 PM

I do know spectral yellow is the brightest "color" because it activates both the medium and the long cones at the same time.

So that is purely biology at work.

You have to look at the response graphs for each of the three pigments plotted against spectral frequencies.

user image

If we call "yellow" the 570–590 range, that’s where the long cones]’ response is peaking.

But the highest combined response is down in green, which is why we have the most sensitivity to slight differences there.

By combined response, I mean add up the tristimuli numbers.

The medium response ducks out too fast as you get longer wavelengths, which means we aren't as good at distinguishing slight variation on the long ones.

We see "more" "cool" "colors" than we see warm ones.

Where "see" is a function of biology and the human mind, not of raw physics.

Huh, interesting

We don't have three different axes for the warm colors the way we do for the cool ones.

Our trichromancy would be improved if those three peaks were more evenly distributed. This happens in non-mammalian trichromat vision.

There's a bit of fudge in that graph.

It doesn't represent the actual pigment response in the cones to those frequencies. The short range is filtered out by the lens.

If you replace your lens with an artificial one that lacks a UV filter, suddenly you get responses deep into the 300s. The world changes. You also get retinal cancer if you don't take constant protective measures.

This was discovered because the earliest cataract surgeries didn't know to use a UV filter.

Human tetrachromats aren't like non-mammalian tetrachromats because you have two variant Xs that express a slightly different peak sensitivity to the medium cones.

And X-deactivation guarantees that both will be active in the same retina.

The peaks of the two duelling Xs are too close together to really think of it as tetrachromacy in the way it would be in say a bird or an insect.

Then again, they probably say the same about our trichromats, too. :)

Dinosaurs are very judgemental.

Human tetrachromats must be female, and they can only happen due to a mutation in one or both Xs.

I leave it to you to deduce why some simians are trichromats only in the female.

Same reason you aren't "supposed" to have male calico cats: not enough Xs.

"Am I an orange kitty" and "Am I a black kitty" is a gene on the X chromosome.

So you can't get two different answers without two different Xs.

However, it only takes a Y to make a mammal male. It doesn't matter how many Xs they have. So male calicos are invariably Klinefelters or more complex mosaics.

@terdon This article may have bearing on the Biology question I edited:

Evolution of color vision in primates

The evolution of color vision in primates is unique compared to most eutherian mammals. A remote vertebrate ancestor of primates possessed tetrachromacy, but nocturnal, warm-blooded, mammalian ancestors lost two of four cones in the retina at the time of dinosaurs. Most teleost fish, reptiles and birds are therefore tetrachromatic while all mammals, with the exception of some primates and marsupials, are strictly dichromats. Primates achieve trichromacy through color photoreceptors (cone cells), with spectral peaks in the violet (short wave, S), green (middle wave, M), and yellow-green (long wave...

At variance with what that article says at its top, there is evidence that some felines may be trichromats.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/910161

> Many cat retinal ganglion cells (types X, Y, and W) have inputs from three separate cone systems. Those with peak sensitivities at 450 and 555 nanometers have been previously shown. A gamma max cone with a peak sensitivity of 500 nanometers can be differentiated from other cones by spectral sensitivity and from rods by receptive field differences, functioning above rod saturation levels, and by cone-rod breaks in the dark-adaptation curves.
The similarity of the three-cone cat retina to the extramacular retina of the rhesus monkeys suggests that the cat may have photopic trichromatic vision.

The feline vision system has significant differences from the human one, so it’s difficult to compare.

For one thing, their short cones peak lower than ours to, allowing them to see into the near UV. This gives them a different separation.

Another important difference is that their scotopic vision is much better than ours, in part because of having "more" rods, but more because of having a tapetum lucidum that we lack.

The big problem is that we can't easily ask a cat whether two oranges are the same, or two blues for that matter.

Cats don't have to "look away" from dim lights to see them the way we have to.

Because the centermost part of their retinas actually has rods in it; ours does not.

No foveola, nor even fovea IIRC.

So astronomers train themselves to look away from dim stars if they want to see them. Cats don't have to do that.

I know we don't have much in the way of short ("blue") cones there either. I don't know what this means for us.

I also wonder whether this might somehow be protective. Short wavelengths are higher energy.

"Color" isn't "real". It's all in the mind.

Rooted in biology.

You can't even do a good job at modelling our perception of color without taking into consideration the dual-opponent cells.

This allows two instances of an absolutely identical RGB spectral mix to be perceived as being different "colors" because of their contrasting context. It also allows two instances of completely different RGB mixes to be perceived as being identical "colors" through metamerism. It's all very complicated.

9:38 PM

Yes, that it is.

It took me ages to get my head around the idea of color not being an absolute, external value and instead just a side-effect of how we perceive the world.

What do I care about the purring of one who cannot love, like the cat? #Nietzsche

Tweeted by NietzscheQuotes on August 14, 2017 at 12:10 PM

@Mitch Do you know the real reason why it’s so hard to get a cat to tell you whether two oranges are the same?

It's because cats hate oranges.

Cats don't have good taste

Well, they think oranges don't taste good, that's for sure.

I wouldn't know how cats taste myself.

furballs

@terdon WHAT?

9:50 PM

@Mitch I hate to break this to you, but color is really just a pigment of your imagination. It isn't real.

Defining "color" to mean "spectral frequency" doesn't work.

Facts all come with a point of view

It takes vision to view things, and vision is the product of biology.

@tchrist Why not?

@Mitch Which point of view does that fact come from?

@Færd exactly

@Færd Because there are infinitely many combinations of differing spectral frequencies which we perceive as the same color, just as there are infinitely many combinations of identical spectral frequencies which we perceive as different colors.

The former is about metamerism; the latter about color constancy and lack thereof.

9:54 PM

So we need a more complex mapping between a multi-dimensional frequency space and colors that recognizes combinations etc.

Moreover, those two elements have interplay between them.

It still can be translated into formula.

Without metamerism, there could be no color printing.

also, there're multiple levels. after processing frequencies, there's an opponent process-layer that puts red and green on a continuum, and blue and yellow on another continuum.

@Færd but I think you're not wrong, vision all starts with three different receptors whose response frequency distributions overlap.

When someone wearing a white tee-shirt playing frisbee in the sun ducks under the shade of a dark green canopy to fetch a lost disc, does the shirt change color?

Or is it still a white tee-shirt?

The spectrograph says the spectra are completely different.

9:57 PM

oh, plus a receptor that covers most of the visible light spectrum (the brightness one, can't remember which is the rod or cone)

Your mind tells you it has not changed color, that it is still white.

Which one is right?

@tchrist Yes! They're chameleons!

The device, or your mind?

Color is all in your head.

It's not a hallucination

So we need a time dimension in the formula as well, that introduces the effect of the previous perception, along the surroundings etc, into the color perception of a shirt etc.

10:00 PM

Therefore white is not merely equal parts red light and green light and blue light, for under the tree this no longer holds yet the shirt is still "white" in our mind's eye.

Our mind "discards the illuminant".

Grey is also equal parts red light and green light and blue light, yet it is not the same "color" as white is.

And the illuminati take in the refuse

Color is what we perceive.

It is not what "is".

It's a system responding to a system, and factual at that.

But I get your point.

depends on what 'is' is

which depends on what 'depends' depends

user image

A and B have identical spectra.

10:03 PM

@Mitch Quit cranking out loopy statements! You can't use is and ask about is at the same time.

Yet one is black and the other white.

THE DRESS IS WHITE AND GOLD

So if we claim that having the same spectral mix defines having the same color, then we lose.

@tchrist Of course.

It can similarly be shone that two different spectral mixes produce the same color, and not just in one way.

10:05 PM

@Færd You can't communicate about language without parabolaring language

Honest, color is really hard.

At least, if you think about it too much.

Like when your wife tells you your shirt and slacks look terrible together.

Just agree with her and go change. It's easier that way.

Maybe it comes naturally to her.

Look man, no one can see the holes in your socks if they are inside the shoes

@Mitch What is parabolaring?

user image

10:07 PM

No one knows. No one cares. My feet. My shoes

Cross your eyes till they overlap, and you'll see those are the same color sometimes and different colors other times.

@Færd haha. I made that up

because language

@Færd Because she's a closet tetrachromat.

Or you're a closet dichromat.

All closets are the same color when you turn out the light.

All cats at night are grey

Being the pussycat version of any port in a storm.

That, and beer goggles.

10:10 PM

Fact: cats are bad sailors because they get seasick

@tchrist I don't think anyone here defends the idea of there existing a one-to-one relation between the spectrum gamut and the perception of color.

21 mins ago, by Mitch

@terdon WHAT?

:)

The idea that this combination of electromagnetic wavelengths means this color.

@Færd He's just saying it's more complicated than that.

That's not true. As you illustrated.

10:13 PM

Yes, you need those receptor values, but that's just a start to simulate what the eye/brain do

Outside of rainbows, lasers, and LEDs, the color world becomes confusing.

Just as well I'm colorblind.

the t-shirt example. If you want to maintain that the tshirt is not magically changing in properties itself, your brain has to do something extra to say that the 'color' in the shade is somehow the same as the 'color' in the light, even thought the receptor values changed

0

Q: What adjectives fall into the category of adjectives describing feelings?

I know there are lots of adjectives that refer to emotions and feelings like embarrassed, glad, annoyed, angry, etc. However, there are some adjectuves which can be used when we describe our mood or when we say I'm feeling ... like good, bad, awful, brilliant, fantastic, but I wonder if we can ...

single-word-requests

@Færd What happens when a rainbow goes behind a shadow?

haha trick question

@Færd which one?

10:16 PM

Just as all that is gold does not glitter, no mere photograph of gold shines true.

the computer graphics people are working on that

It is still virtually impossible to reproduce the illuminator's art with commercial printing.

@Mitch I can detect them all separately, but if you combine them, you can't play tricks that I'm blind to.

It requires actual metallic inks.

I can't see the number in this:

user image

What is it?

10:18 PM

It's made of stars.

!!

user image

The gold is gone.

The image pales before reality.

The Mona Lisa is better in print

@Færd You can run a program to figure it out.

In real life, pretty underwhelming

10:20 PM

@tchrist Exactly. I'm borrowing your brains for that, if I may.

I have a special print of the Kells Chi-Rho page that uses actual metallic ink. It is incomparable.

(still holding the opinion that it's programmable)

Two score and five.

@Færd I agree

OK. Let me look closely now.

10:21 PM

It's in a '45' shape

(that's a hint)

Hell.

I can guess it's reddish compared to the surrounding circles' colors. Very vague.

I think strictly you're mixing two concepts of color. We can talk about a frequency of pure light (or a single photon) in terms of a color under the purview of optics. But optic colors are poor metrics of what we see; instead, we incorporate a theory covering multiple frequencies of light with various intensities (spectra), combined with how they affect our cone sensitivities across an average of humans, under the purview of colorimetry. That in mind, our eyes are most sensitive to optic green, but red lights/paint is colorimetric red. — H Walters 3 hours ago

Note here, but not far away, either.

It's actually hard to see, not obvious. takes a couple seconds to see the boundary

People are forever confusing this. It's hard to blame them, but still.

@tchrist I agree with what I can understand from that.

10:25 PM

I don't know why he dragged the cat into it.

Tom Petty and the Catbreakers: 'Stop dragging my cat around'

@Mitch There are made-up words. There are relative concepts (depending on your POV). There are also undefinably clear concepts, which the moment you start to explain them or question them, you find yourself stuck in a loophole.

Feline vision, purview of optics.

+1

@tchrist Maybe with 3-D tricks it can be restored?

10:29 PM

@Færd receptor frequencies are pretty objective compared to words. all words are arbitrary

Words represent things. That's why there are synonymous words. I'm talking about those things.

Metallic colors shine differently than matte ones do.

they're shiny, like they're almost giving off light themselves

what do they call that?

spectral?

@Mitch That's what everything does though.

not that picture of '45' above

10:34 PM

In Latin albus is dull white, candidus a white that shines. We lack the words.

milky?

Just as ater was matte black and niger was the black that shines.

Interesting.

'ater'? that's new to me

So those were four different colors to the Romans.

10:36 PM

like there were 4 different yes/no/yea/nay in old English?

@Mitch Really? That's atrocious.

11:00 PM

haha

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Transcript for

Dec '172

English Language & Usage: Multi-Layer…

Not for the faint of heart or those easily triggered by Englis...

phrase-requests pronunciation single-word-requests synonyms

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