Pneumatic tubes (or capsule pipelines, also known as pneumatic tube transport or PTT) are systems that propel cylindrical containers through networks of tubes by compressed air or by partial vacuum. They are used for transporting solid objects, as opposed to conventional pipelines which transport fluids. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, pneumatic tube networks gained acceptance in offices that needed to transport small, urgent packages, such as mail, other paperwork, or money, over relatively short distances, within a building or, at most, within a city. Some installations became quite...

The right to repair refers to proposed government legislation to forbid manufacturers to impose barriers that deny consumers the ability to repair and modify their own consumer products (e.g. electronic, automotive devices or farm vehicles such as tractors). Such barriers require consumers to use only the manufacturer's offered services by restricting access to tools and components, and include software barriers that hinder independent repair or modification. Right to repair may also refer to the movement of citizens putting pressure on their governments to create enabling laws. These obstacles...

Michal Kosinski is a Professor at Stanford University, a computational psychologist, and a psychometrician. He studies humans in a digital environment using computational methods, AI and Big Data. He has co-authored the textbook Modern Psychometrics and published over 90 peer-reviewed papers in journals including Scientific Reports, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Psychological Science, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, and Machine Learning, that have been cited over 17,000 times according to Google Scholar.He is among the top 1% of Highly Cited Researchers according...

Nağaybäks (Nağaybäk pronounced in Tatar language [nʌɣɑɪbæk]; Tatar plural: Nağaybäklär; plural in Russian: Нагайбаки) are an indigenous Turkic people in Russia recognized as a separate people under Russian legislation. The majority of the Nağaybäks live in the Nagaybaksky and Chebarkulsky Districts of the Chelyabinsk Oblast. They speak a sub-dialect of the Tatar language's middle dialect known as the Nagaibak dialect. Russian and Tatar historians usually treat the Nağaybäks as an integral part of Volga Tatars; a minority considers Nağaybäks a separate ethnicity in their own right. In the 1989 Russian...

A dough conditioner, flour treatment agent, improving agent or bread improver is any ingredient or chemical added to bread dough to strengthen its texture or otherwise improve it in some way. Dough conditioners may include enzymes, yeast nutrients, mineral salts, oxidants and reductants, bleaching agents and emulsifiers. They are food additives combined with flour to improve baking functionality. Flour treatment agents are used to increase the speed of dough rising and to improve the strength and workability of the dough. While they are an important component of modern factory baking, some small...