A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. The word gauge means a measurement, a thickness, an in-between distance (as in railroad tracks), or a resulting number of units per certain parameter (a number of loops in an inch of fabric or a number of lead balls in a pound of ammunition). Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles. A general feature of these field theories is that the fundamental fields cannot be directly measured; however, some associated...
The Ehrenfest theorem, named after Paul Ehrenfest, an Austrian theoretical physicist at Leiden University, relates the time derivative of the expectation values of the position and momentum operators x and p to the expectation value of the force
F
=
−
V
′
(
x
)
{\displaystyle F=-V'(x)}
on a massive particle moving in a scalar potential
V
(
x
)
{\displaystyle V(x)}
,
The Ehrenfest theorem is a special case of a...
2
The problem
Consider a stochastic process with the following three properties:
The process is Markov, meaning that $p(x_n,t_n|x_{n-1},t_{n-1},\ldots x_1, t_1) = p(x_n,t_n|x_{n-1},t_{n-1}).$
The conditional probability is
$$p(x_n, t_n|x_{n-1},t_{n-1}) = \left[ 2 \pi \sigma^2 (1 - e^{-2 \gamma (t_...
0
I have this question:
Bomb attached to accelerating charge, as viewed from a co-moving frame?
Now it was closed, and then it was downvoted. I do not understand why we are allowing downvotes (or any votes) on closed questions. But that is not the only question here I am trying to ask, rather, if a...
