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user228700
1:29 AM
Hi everyone :-)
 
user228700
@DHMO I doubt if it's true that the electronegativity order is really F>O>Cl>N.
 
user228700
I have a quick question; is is true that larger atoms are capable of forming more bonds? It was my understanding that the larger the atom gets, the less efficiently its orbitals are able to overlap with those of the bonding atoms. Is this incorrect..?
 
user228700
1:55 AM
Also, I came across this statement:
 
user228700
"A resonance hybrid is not a Lewis Structure!"
 
user228700
Whatever do they mean by this?! The resonance hybrid of a molecule is simply a hybrid of all the different lewis dot structures of that molecule, yes? Then how come the above statement makes any sense..?
 
2:54 AM
@Kaumudi I remember nothing about expanded octet and hypervalency and what not, but
Larger atoms have more "surface area" and more room for bonds.
So it's plausible.
Check this out:
26
Q: Can an atom bond with more than 8 other atoms?

AnoneemusIs it possible for an atom to bond with 8 other elements (same or other type)? If yes, then please give some examples. If no, then what could be the possible reason for it? Update + Edit: My question is not about valence shell electrons. My question is about whether an element could combine with...

 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon While this is true, I'm somehow lead to believe that since the atom is larger, effective overlap is more difficult to take place...
 
I think it's impossible to say anything about overlap without doing a calculation on the computer.
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon Hm, really?
 
I suppose you could calculate the radial distribution functions of 5d or 4f orbitals, but I'm unsure if you could draw any conclusions from them.
It sounds suspiciously like something you'd be taught in an introductory chemistry class. It might also be true up to a certain point in the table.
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon Since I only just graduated high school, I dunno how to do these calculations.
 
3:01 AM
Oh, you would never be expected to do that.
Did you read this thing about less effective overlap in a book?
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon Yep, if I remember correctly.
 
I only have one book on me that's a general chemistry book, I'll take a quick look through it
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon Wow, thanks! :-)
 
user228700
Also, my textbook states that "The Octet Rule is totally silent about the energy of a molecule" and I was wondering how this counts as a legit limitation of the rule, since no theory is able to quantify the energy of a molecule, correct..?
 
@Kaumudi In my quick skimming I have not come across this statement either but I think this is missing some context. Probably means to say "not the single best Lewis structure".
@Kaumudi We calculate the energies of molecules all the time but you wouldn't be expected to know that yet.
That's a weird way of saying it though, what book is this?
 
user228700
3:10 AM
@pentavalentcarbon Yes, OK...
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon Hm, OK...
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon It's not a famous one, so this is no surprise. My book is effed up in more ways than I can count.
 
Well, no book is perfect. Also people will complain about almost anything regarding textbooks.
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon Agreed, but if u have a look at the kind of questions that I ask here and at the PSE Chat, u will come to know that my book practically spews misconception after misconception.
 
That's a shame. If it's that bad you might want to supplement it, and not just with SE.
 
user228700
3:13 AM
I have just one more question, if u don't mind..?
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon Let's just say that I'm in a bit of a sticky situation with regard to my textbooks.
 
go on...
 
user228700
My textbook(ah, this again) says "According to the concept of resonance, whenever a single Lewis structure cannot describe the molecule accurately, a number of structures with similar energy, positions of nuclei, bonding and non-bonding pairs of electrons are taken as the canonical structures of the hybrid which describes the molecule accurately"
 
I think I see what it's saying but it's complicated.
 
user228700
3:18 AM
Is this entirely true? Also, in all the canonical structures, are all those parameters (in bold) the same?
 
When you draw the little diagrams on paper, you can only guess at what the relative energies are.
But when you put a triple bond between two atoms vs. a single bond, obviously there will be a different in bond lengths -> positions of the nuclei.
Resonance structures describe structures with different energy, different nuclear positions, and different bonding/non-bonding pairs of electrons that might contribute to a final molecular structure.
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon Yeah, that's what I was thinking! But then I figured, since we're doing other things to the molecule apart from randomly adding that triple bond, the average values of these parameters will remain the same..?
 
Too complicated to tell.
I don't think the book is really wrong, but at best it is worded so so so poorly.
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon What do u mean by "might contribute to a final molecular structure"?
 
Never forget, just because you can draw a resonance structure doesn't mean it contributes significantly to the actual structure.
That's what I mean by it.
 
user228700
3:22 AM
@pentavalentcarbon Yes, OK...
 
It might contribute 10%. It might contribute 50%.
Let me find an example...
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon It's worded poorly? How would u explain it then, to a person who just graduated high school..?
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon No, that's OK, I understand what u're saying, thanks :-)
 
I would simplify it to "Resonance structures describe structures that might contribute to a final molecular structure."
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon And what about all those parameters..?
 
3:24 AM
But ehhhhhhhhh I'm not a huge fan of that. I prefer drawing the structures so I can look at them.
@Kaumudi In real life all of those things could be vastly different.
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon A huge fan of what..?
 
The simplified sentence I just gave.
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon Uhh, then why has my book explicitly stated otherwise?! :/
 
user228700
@pentavalentcarbon Why not..?
 
user228700
OK, I've found a simplified version in my textbook itself:
 
3:26 AM
The concept of resonance structures is one introduced to make a complicated thing which is hard to draw, easy to draw. You can't read too much into it.
 
user228700
"Resonance can be defined as the phenomenon in which two or more structures involving identical position of atom, can be written for a particular compound"
 
user228700
Do u agree with this statement..?
 
It means that you don't place an atom on the other side of the molecule.
 
user228700
Yep. And this is definition is correct (and useful) to a certain extent, no?
 
By that definition, yes.
 
user228700
3:28 AM
OK. Thanks so much! :-)
 
Not a problem. Try and find another textbook...
 
user228700
3:54 AM
Will try...
 
user228700
I have another small question: is it correct to think about the stability of a molecule in terms if its reactivity? I was reading up about why the statement "Resonance reduces energy" is true and I found an answer on Quora, explaining:
 
user228700
"Now, if the charge or free electron is moved from place to place (resonance takes place), any reacting species finds it harder to get to the charge or radical. Also if it is moved rapidly, as is the case in resonance, critical charge densities or electron densities for reaction and subsequently high energies do not build up for any periods of time but are spread over different locations. Hence we get a lower energy."
 
user228700
Is this the best way to think about this..?
 
user228700
Another explanation is given in terms of entropy:
 
user228700
"The number of resonance structures is related to a structure's stability. You can explain this fact through entropy $S=k_Bln\omega$. Since each resonance structure is one possible state of the system, the more possible structures available for a compound, the larger the entropy, the larger the stability"
 
user228700
4:13 AM
@JohnRennie: Are u familiar with this? ^
 
user228700
Also, having read this:
 
user228700
 
user228700
I am wondering whether it is correct to say that the energy of a resonance hybrid is lesser?
 
user228700
5:11 AM
Wow, it seems like my mind is brimming with new questions every minute! I was reading about the differences b/w ionic and covalent bond.
 
user228700
After reading, I have concluded that in case of covalent bonds, the electrons that participate in bonding are located in between the two atoms but in the case of an ionic bond, there are no electrons in b/w the two atoms in question; what holds them together is the attractive (coloumbic) force b/w the positively charged and negatively charged atoms. Is this correct?
 
user228700
Okay, never mind this last question. I was able to figure it out :-)
 
user228700
@Rubisco: Hi! :-)
 
Hey
 
5:31 AM
@Kaumudi It isn't about correct vs. incorrect. It's about simplified vs. reality.
@Kaumudi This is solely for exam purposes, you know that.
 
user228700
5:43 AM
@Rubisco Hm. How so..?
 
user228700
@Rubisco No, what do u mean? (I'm never going to get questions on my paper asking me to define resonance. It was for the purpose of my own clarity that I asked)
 
@Kaumudi That's not what I consider to be a definition.
But it aims to be a boost to the resonance structure drawing ability
 
user228700
@Rubisco OK..? No, never mind all that about resonance; I think pentavalent did a great job at explaining it to me and at this stage, that will suffice.
 
user228700
My only question (that persists) about resonance is about this energy lowering thing.
 
user228700
@Rubisco Oh, I see what u mean. Well, that's alright.
 
5:49 AM
@Kaumudi Well, internal energy is decreased because of resonance.
What else?
 
user228700
@Rubisco Internal energy?!
 
?!
 
user228700
No, no, I am very familiar with this term, don't panic, but I was taken aback for one second; really, the internal energy decreases because of resonance? How?
 
When you let electrons move more freely, they possess less energy
 
user228700
:/ That doesn't make sense to me...
 
5:57 AM
3
A: Why does having equivalent resonating structure give more stability?

G MPreamble One important thing to know is that what we call "resonance structure" is a byproduct of our chemical notation which can't describe effectively the structure of some compounds using only one chemical structure. Personally I find more appropriate the old term mesomeric structure (meso- G...

@Kaumudi It's not supposed to. We're speaking Quantum chem here.
@Loong 'ello
 
@Rubisco good morning
 
user228700
@Rubisco -__-
 
@Loong Mornin'
How many have voted?
I keep pretending to be lazy and not refreshing the page thrice a minute.
 
168
 
That's too much.
 
6:02 AM
@Rubisco Too much? Why? You didn't bribe enough voters, or you don't have enough socks? ;-)
 
I'll take the fifth
 
If the affinity of the antibody to the antigen is less than 10^(-12) M, does it mean it's a strongly-bound antibody?
 
But there aren't any chances that it's both of them
@CowperKettle I guess not
 
@Rubisco That's odd.
 
Guessing? Yeah, it is
 
6:04 AM
I'm translating a document where the antibody is expected to strongly interact with the antigen
What does it mean, M?
 
Molar
Unless it's defined there to be some other unit.
Or they're working with very very low concentrations, so that number isn't so bad.
 
Is this the amount of the antibody? I don't understand. I understand it's "molar", but what exactly it means..
 
I should see more of the doc to be able to say that
 
They measured Kon, Kdis and Kd (I've no idea what these mean)
and K(dis) came out below the system's sensitivity threshold
dissociation constant?
 
Or dissolution
 
@Loong Their systems are currently under maintenance. Please try again in a few minutes. For more info, read something below
 
I made an inexcusable typo. That'd cost me a couple of votes for sure
@Loong KlittleD is solved, but what about Kon?
 
K should equal 1, according to their logic
 
@CowperKettle No, why?
 
6:11 AM
ah, no, it should equal the equation squared
 
@CowperKettle Oh, I'm not used to these on and off thingies. We called them fwd and bck.
 
@CowperKettle :
> Most antibodies have KD values in the low micromolar (10-6) to nanomolar (10-7 to 10-9) range. High affinity antibodies generally considered to be in the low nanomolar range (10-9) with very high affinity antibodies being in the picomolar (10-12) range.
 
I don't understand why the ab/ag affinity is measured in M
@Loong Thank you!
I'll try to understand what that means later. O_O
 
@Loong Oh, so that's what the concentration meant
Less conc meant they bind well, and they're measuring the unbound thingies.
Or not?
 
 
2 hours later…
7:47 AM
@Rubisco So how many votes has my favourite enzyme been able to garner? Could I possibly be talking to a future Mod. ? :*
 
@AaronAbraham No one knows
We will as soon as the election ends
 
Ah well, keep your fingers crossed...
*activation sites closed
[I forgot, you don't have fingers ;) ]
 
I have figurative fingers
 
P.S- Today's a holiday! [Where I'm from]
 
Yay. What is it?
in Language Overflow, Oct 8 at 11:27, by Rubisco
@Man_From_India Indians are always celebrating
 
7:52 AM
@Rubisco plus a few minutes until Jon posts the official results; nevertheless, you could download the raw text file immediately
 
Or Undo does.
@Loong Yes, I have OpenSTV.
Not sure if it's the latest version, but I have it.
 
@Rubisco Wellll, yesterday a bunch of guys from an ultra-right wing Hindu party stabbed a Communist Party of India cadre; later the Communists decided upon revenge...so they lynched one of the other party's cadres in broad daylight. Now that ultra-right wing party's holding a State-wide strike....hence no school. I'll be pinging you a lot today ^_^ [This is the only reason why I love my country :3 ]
 
Oh, I have 1.7 alright
 
[So patriotic ^_^]
 
7:57 AM
@AaronAbraham That sounds chaotically fun
 
I know ^_^
Same thing happens everyday though....except that this particular lynching was caught on film ^_^....it went viral...quickly.
Hence they found in opportunity to call for a strike...
@Rubisco We get holidays like these at least thrice a month...so no dearth free time.
He's right; Indians always are celebrating.....but for all the wrong reasons...
 
Well . . .
 
I know you're envious :3
XD
@Rubisco There was that other time when some of those ultra-right wing Hindus broke into a convent and raped a 70 year old nun, but that's another story. My country is so....volatile ^_^.
 
Now I have to throw up somewhere
Let's just change the subject
 
8:21 AM
hah, it works
 
@Loong what works?
 
If you cannot see it, it doesn't work. :-|
 
The GIF works
 
But I was wondering how you made it. Aftereffects?
Or just Chemdraw?
 
8:25 AM
@Rubisco yes, just ChemDraw, or ChemBio3D to be precise
save as gif, check "rotate about Y", only 90 frames to limit the file size
 
@Kaumudi This can be confirmed with any electronegativity table with at least 2 decimal places
 
ah, yes @Martin-マーチン is right. I should have rotated around the C2 axis
 
@Loong I could watch this for the next week
 
@Rubisco hm, now I would like to have rotisserie chicken
 
8:49 AM
@Loong Why not show us aromatic compounds?
 
9:03 AM
@Loong I'm still working on my fancy animation....
 
@Mart is working on an anime
 
Pokémolecule?
 
meh... chemcraft crashed while saving the gif :(
 
What could be the most successful anime of all time
Millions of people would've developed a new fetish for molecule porn
Now, gone. GONE!
 
I know I do ;)
So there's hope.
 
9:11 AM
yeah... have to start all over again...
 
Hiya @Martin-マーチン
 
Hiya @Martin-マーチン
@AaronAbraham that's a Martin waving a hand
 
@Rubisco Quit interrupting...
Ah......
The Germans are a class apart...
 
9:12 AM
@Martin-マーチン you can borrow mine, but they are not calculated, just a bit MM2 optimized
 
I have much fun playing with the program :D
 
Judging from how quickly you figured out that was Martin waving, I believe you have experience with this kind of virtual gesticulating @Rubisco
 
It's procrastination, because I am supposed to make a poster...
but I applied for my visa extension today... all that waiting made my head go numb
 
@AaronAbraham Yes. It's internet language
 
Sorry, I only speak English (...and Malayalam, and a little German, and a little French, and a little Arabic I picked up while in the UAE.....)
 
9:16 AM
@Martin-マーチン How do you put an animated gif on a poster?
 
@Loong You link to the GIF like it's an image
 
@Loong You can do that? (Sorry, computer illiterate guy here :/)
 
A flip book or flick book is a book with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page to the next, so that when the pages are turned rapidly, the pictures appear to animate by simulating motion or some other change. Flip books are often illustrated books for children, but may also be geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings. Flip books are not always separate books, but may appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines, often in the page corners. Software packages and websites are also available that convert digital video files into custom...
 
Oh gee @Rubisco, you sure spend a lot of time on the internet ;)
 
:-D
 
9:18 AM
@Martin-マーチン Oh, that works too, but Japan is going to run out of paper.
 
also... the future is digital... with interactive posters ;)
@Rubisco Noooooooo, we're already out of butter
 
@Martin-マーチン You have digital butter
@AaronAbraham Not internet, but here.
Everywhere else is sickeningly sickening.
 
user228700
@DHMO Oh, sorry, my bad. But an explanation is given here:
 
user228700
4
Q: Which is more electronegative: chlorine or nitrogen?

User5Why nitrogen is considered to be less electronegative than chlorine. Nitrogen should be more electronegative as I was reading some content about this and I read some reasonable arguments: $\ce{NCl3}$ in $\ce{H2O}$ gives $\ce{NH3}$ and $\ce{HOCl}$, which proves that nitrogen is negatively charge...

 
user228700
(Check 2nd comment)
 
user228700
9:31 AM
Also, I found this in a post on Physics Forum:
 
user228700
"Chlorine is further right on the table, meaning it can hold electrons better from more protons, but is is also bigger, meaning that electrons are held more loosely. Compare this to N, where it is further left, meaning it has a less positive nucleus so it can hold e- as well, but it is also smaller, meaning it can hold them better. This all just happens to work out so that Cl and N have about the same EN when you take all the factors into account."
 
user228700
 
user228700
@DHMO: Does this clear your doubt?
 
Question, not doubt.
If there is anything to be cleared, it's doubts, not doubt.
And if there is anything to be answered, it's a question or questions, not doubt or doubts.
 
I doubt that.
 
> I want to mix 250 g of $Na$ and enough $Cl_2$ to produce $NaCl$ and see how many grams of $NaCl$ I can get.
I hope this is theoretical homework.
 
@Loong That's a new hope
I never understood why Star Wars got so popular
It's just as good as an above mediocre series of films.
 
@Loong Uiii..... that'd be so much fun!!!
@Rubisco I'm tempted to flag this
 
@Martin-マーチン I'm not a trekkie either.
Those two seem to be popular only because they came around the 80's.
 
9:54 AM
@Rubisco I'm tempted to flag that, too.
 
user228700
@Rubisco Huh.
 
When people were looking for something to stick to.
Nothing can get that popular in 2016.
 
> The affinity study has shown that the ANTIBODY specifically binds the human antigen and has a very high thermodynamic binding constant: the value is in the picomolar range and is below the detection threshold of the OctetRED96 system (ForteBio-Pall).
I don't understand how to translate this properly
 
@Martin-マーチン You feel itchy
 
The constant is high but it is below the detection threshold
 
9:56 AM
@Rubisco my kick-mute finger is itchy
 
@CowperKettle Uh, I don't think we know much Russian.
 
@Rubisco We were discussing this today, this thing about binding.
 
@Martin-マーチン Can I get the upper hand by using "contact us" first.
 
Maybe they meant it has a very low binding constant.
 
@CowperKettle Yah, but isn't that what you translate into Russian?
 
9:57 AM
@Rubisco ?
I'm translating into English
 
Oh
That's a fine translation then
Except a bunch of words that could've been used better.
 
But how a constant can be high and be below the detection threshold
 
But I should go now.
 
Bye!
 
@Rubisco ???
 
user228700
10:01 AM
Quick question; The formula $AB_3E_2$ corresponds to a trigonal planar shape, yes? ($E$ is the number of lone pairs on the central atom, $A$)
 
@CowperKettle That may be sloppy writing. The binding is strong, but the value 10^-12 is low, even though the 12 looks large.
 
user228700
Anybody?
 
@Loong Is there such a thing as "thermodynamic binding constant"?
I can't find a mention in English
 
@Kaumudi No, it can be T-shaped.
@CowperKettle and are you sure about "detection threshold"? For example, for radioactivity, the standardized limits are "decision threshold" and "detection limit" (these are two different things), but there is no "detection threshold". However, other branches of chemistry may have other traditional expressions.
@Kaumudi For example, look at chlorine trifluoride.
 
user228700
@Loong Yeah, OK. I misread your message, sorry :/
 
10:16 AM
@CowperKettle yes, "thermodynamic binding constant" exists
 
@Loong is the T-shape in accordance with VSEPR? I thought EP-EP repulsion is the greatest
@Kaumudi you know, XF3
 
VSEPR is just a very crude approximation, more often wrong than right
 
@Martin-マーチン Why? Because of the shape of the orbitals?
 
3
A: Question about stability of two structures of chlorine trifluoride

WildcatUsing the usual "AXE method" all molecules of $\ce{AX3E2}$ type, where $\ce{A}$ represents the central atom; $\ce{X}$ represents the number of ligands (atoms) bonded to A; $\ce{E}$ represents the number of lone electron pairs surrounding the central atom; are assumed to be T-shaped. I think ...

 
@Loong thanks
 
user228700
10:19 AM
@DHMO: Has ur question regarding electronegativities been answered?
 
@Kaumudi I think so
 
user228700
OK.
 
thanks
 
Let me restate that: VSEPR is an empirical observation, if it is right, it is often only right for the wrong reasons.
 
@Martin-マーチン Which premise of VSEPR is wrong?
1. valence electron pairs surrounding an atom tend to repel each other, in the order of lp-lp > lp-bp > bp-bp
2. the molecule adopts an arrangement that minimizes this repulsion
 
10:25 AM
everything
 
alright
 
in vespr there are no orbitals, lone pairs behave like classical objects
 
how does the existence of orbitals affect, you know, anything? (sorry for stupid question)
 
in general all ligands only "want" to be as far away from each other as possible
well, that's not easily explained in short
in principle we know that for molecules we need quantum mechanics, otherwise we're just guessing
 
agreed
 
10:28 AM
because of the wave-particle dualism, we know that electrons can't be treated only as particles
while electrons still repel each other because of their charge, they can be in orbitals which are orthogonal to each other
 
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. It is also named the Gillespie-Nyholm theory after its two main developers. The acronym "VSEPR" is pronounced either "ves-per" or "vuh-seh-per" by some chemists. The premise of VSEPR is that the valence electron pairs surrounding an atom tend to repel each other, and will therefore adopt an arrangement that minimizes this repulsion, thus determining the molecule's geometry. Gillespie has emphasized that...
(Section "Exceptions")
I find the exceptions very disappointing...
since they are predominantly ionic and the "molecules" do not exist..
 
hmmm... this section is more than incomplete
16
Q: Why is the bond angle H-P-H smaller than H-N-H?

MAFIA36790$\ce{N}$ & $\ce{P}$ are along the same group. $\ce{NH3}$ and $\ce{PH3}$ have one lone pair and both the central atoms are $\ce{sp^3}$ hybridized. But inspite of that, the former's bond angle is $107^\circ$ while that of latter is $92^\circ$ . What is the cause of such a difference? [My book says ...

 
@Martin-マーチン you remind me of a question I had in mind
 
in The h Bar, 10 mins ago, by Secret
you want lone pair-lone pair (lp-lp) and bond pair-lone pair (bp-lp) to be having the fewest neightbours and furthest away possible. To compare between T shape and Trigonal planar, let's make a table:

T shaped:
lp-lp 120 deg x 1
bp-lp (120 deg x 1 & 90 deg x 2) x 2 = 120 deg x 2 & 90 deg x 4
bp-bp 90 deg x 2 & 90 deg x 1 & 90 deg x 1 = 90 deg x 5

Trigonal planar
lp-lp 180 deg x 1
bp-lp (90 deg x 3)x2 = 90 deg x 6
bp-bp (120 deg x 2)x3 = 120 deg x 6
is this a bad explanation of T shape vs trigonal planar?
 
well, it is vsepr, so yes
 
10:32 AM
@Secret I can only say that this follows vsepr.
 
14 mins ago, by Loong
3
A: Question about stability of two structures of chlorine trifluoride

WildcatUsing the usual "AXE method" all molecules of $\ce{AX3E2}$ type, where $\ce{A}$ represents the central atom; $\ce{X}$ represents the number of ligands (atoms) bonded to A; $\ce{E}$ represents the number of lone electron pairs surrounding the central atom; are assumed to be T-shaped. I think ...

 
@Martin-マーチン the question is: how do two electrons in the same orbital overcome the electrostatic repulsion? do they sort of stay opposite to each other to maximize distance?
 
don't think of them as particles
 
you know, waves still repel each other, right
 
they are nowhere and everywhere at the same time
 
10:35 AM
they have a probability density
notwithstanding, do they still repel each other?
 
yes. probability. nothing more nothing less
 
@Martin-マーチン do they repel each other?
 
yes of course, that's what we call correlation
 
correlation?
 
Why isn't it squared in the final equation?
We multiply two [AbAg] terms
 
10:48 AM
@CowperKettle you know, a more useful constant would be Ka times Kd
 
I understand about 1% of these formulas. I've no idea why they multiply the molar concentrations of [Ab] and [Ag], for instance,
There might be some human-language textbook out there.
 
@CowperKettle kinetic theory
collision rate depends on concentration
 
The kinetic theory describe a gas as a large number of submicroscopic particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant rapid motion that has randomness arising from their many collisions with each other and with the walls of the container. Kinetic theory explains macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. The theory posits that gas pressure is due to the impacts, on the walls of a container, of molecules or atoms moving at different velocities. Kinetic theory defines...
This?
I need read through this to understand why they multiply those two terms?
 
@CowperKettle no, I mistook the name
 
phew
 
10:53 AM
collision theory
just read the key points
essentially, the rate of reaction depends on the concentration
because the probability of effective collision depends on the concentration
 
okay, I'll finish the proofreading and read it if there's time
 
11:06 AM
$\ce{H2O}$
How do you guys turn on ce in chat?
Like, I only have the standard version
 
15
Q: What open-source software can produce 3D PDF representation of molecules?

F'xMost of the existing software I know (like VMD or Pymol) say that they can be used to create PDF files with 3D representations of molecules: actual 3D models, which you can rotate inside the Adobe Acrobat viewer. However, they all require the use of “Adobe Acrobat Pro 9 Extended” for its 3D captu...

 
But maybe I should ask the question why it is [AbAg] and not [AbAg]^2?
I mean, on the main site?
I can't get it
okay, I'll ask it
0
Q: Why is the term not squared in the antigen-antibody interaction formula?

CopperKettleFrom Antigen-antibody interaction (Wikipedia): We've basically multiplied two similar terms, because inverted Kd is Ka - why isn't there any square signs (power of two)?

 
VSEPR is terribly not useful whenever bp-lp and lp-lp compete like crazy, for example:
 
11:48 AM
@Secret how is that an example?
 
Just comparing lp-lp and lp-bp, it is unclear which geoemtry will dominate for $AX_3E_3$ under VSEPR
 
@DHMO I've read this page you mentioned goo.gl/ArUhdF
(0:
But there's no explanation of why we should multiply molar concentrations
 
@Secret I thought the table shows that the right form dominates
@CowperKettle sorry but I don't know how to explain
 
Ah, okay! I'll ask on SOcratic
 
12:07 PM
but similar to the case with $AX_3E_2$, we have the right form having a higher bp-lp and lower lp-lp than the left form
 
12:17 PM
@Secret and we know that the effects on lp-lp are more than the effects on bp-lp
 
but that case for $AX_3E_2$ will give trigonal planar instead of T shaped
while we knew for $AX_3E_2$, the result is T shaped
there does not seemed to be a clear guideline in VSEPR on when bp-lp can dominate lp-lp when number and angle of lp-lp is smaller than bp-lp
 
I am out of here then
 
12:34 PM
@orthocresol What? Did you use up all the HCl powder again?
 
@Loong I accidentally spilled it on the benchtop.
Must say, trying to dissolve 1 mol of HCl in 10 ml of water is also quite ambitious...
 
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