@Marla What's the difference between the pin and the AUX conductor? They both go in the same place.

@Marla I'm very confused.

Audio aux connectors often use RCA jack. I was referring to the inner conductor, which is signal. The outer conductor would be ground.

@Marla The aux cord is connected to a dual aux connector. Which only has a negative and positive connection. No ground. The aux cord also only has a negative and positive on the input plug that goes into the phone. So no ground again.

I also now see what you mean. But the outer conductor is positive and the inner conductor is negative.

@JRE You must work on here for 15 plus hours a day. Must be pretty tiring.

@ScientistSmithYT The chatroom here is open in my phone 24/7. Doesn't mean I'm always looking. It does mean I see thing pretty quickly when I'm awake, though.

how do you read the resistance of these kind of potentiometers? imgur.com/a/kYRaUHE

@deostroll: The total resistance is from pins 1 to pin 3. If you rotate the screw completely to the end counter clockwise (CCW) then measure from pin 1 to pin 2, the resistance will increase as you turn the screw clockwise (CW.)

The baoter 3296 is a very common part. Google recommended it to me as soon as I type "baoter" in.

@JRE Ah. I see.

@ScientistSmithYT Besides, any time I've got a few minutes to spare I look in on the main site.

@ScientistSmithYT Still working on the voltage multiplier thing. It's amazing how much you learn yourself when you set out to explain something to someone else.

@ScientistSmithYT: I'm not finished with everything yet, but I've got a good bit done. Since it may be a few days before I get back to it, I'll let you have a look at the parts that are done.

@JRE The second to last reply is what I'm replying to. Yes, and that's why I know a lot in HVAC & HVDC. As well as seeing the flaws in formulas. I learn as I teach my students. I guess now you can kind of see what I deal with. So many new things, so little time.

This link is to the first part of my notes on voltage multpliers.

I'm proof reading right now.

@JRE Take your time on the multiplier. That is my very young wise advice that I've learned very quickly. Take a year if you want. Its on your timeline. My rule is I'll take the time I want on something only if I want it to be extrodinary.

Not flaws in the formulas. Flaws in my understanding, and running in to things I know but don't think about.

Yes! That's what I mean! In your case its running into things you know but don't think about. In my case it's the same principals, but difference scenario. I run into flaws in formulas or ways of doing things.

I think if you look more closely, you will more often find the flaw is in your understanding of the formula.

Each page is now linked to the following one. There are 5 parts in all. Intro and parts 1 to 4.

@JRE I DO NOT want you to worry about fully proof reading it. Not within the next week at least. Take your time. Trust me on that. It'll go a whole lot easier. Everything even when they are perfect will have some errors. So slowly and nicely everynow and then read through it. Your brain will catch the errors.

My "very old wise advice" is "do it now and get it done before I lose interest.

@ScientistSmithYT Dude, I've just re-read all 5 parts and cleaned up typos and skipped words while we were holding our discussion here. There's things I might want to word differently in the blog posts, but not tonight.

@JRE I used to do that as well. But I also learned a back up plan. Let yourself forget something and something of better use will come in. This is how I have all of my "fat out there" and great ideas. And they work so well.

Wow!!!

Nice!!!

One thing I like right off the bat. You gave a link to the history of the voltage multipliers instead of explaining that boring part. Giving the reader the option to click the link if they want to. You are doing what I call "getting to the good stuff". Great work so far!

@JRE I like your little p.s note at the end. :) its funny

@JRE I see you're using 230 VAC mains input. I'd like to make one. Maybe if you can give some info about U.S power and voltages. We run on 120-123 RMS voltages. Max is 120, lowest is 120. Volt peak is 140.

Yeah. Well. History is a good thing to know. But, I'm not writing about history. I'm writing about using the darned things. I've actually read the history parts.

I have as well. Those huge towers that people have made are amazing. I want one.

Um. Yeah. I know what voltage and frequency the US uses. I was born in Louisiana. Moved to Germany as an adult.

The line voltage doesn't matter. I'm working on the low voltage side. Safer that way since I've built all the circuits without insulation.

The math is the same.

When you say "The 9.3VAC lets me approximate the maximum voltage to be expected" for a beginner that wants to start doing these things this might be vague. So maybe explain what voltage you're expecting. Like numberwise. And if its the output voltage.

Oooh

Nice!

I guess explain it very simply. And you'll in a few years start to see others use this same method you had on a blog.

Currently planning to glue them all to a sheet of plywood and use it as decoration in my hobby room.

I've also had to learn that. I had to learn how to explain HV to people that are 4 and 5.

Instead of using plywood use this thing called protoputty.

Its an insulator (rubber) and you can mush it into the diodes and caps making it handheld

And safe

When I hang them on the wall, it'll be just decoration - no power. For the measurements, I've just let them lie there naked on the work bench. No voltage high enough to worry about.

Oh ok

Its just an idea if you are needing to insulate anything. Its like playdough consistency then after 10 minutes it hardens into a rubber like substance.

The idea came from my great friend that passed away. His name was Grant Thompson. He started and ran the channel "The King of Random".

@JRE I just though of something that I might be able to do. If I take a MOT and use 2 or so voltage doubler circuits to make full wave DC. I can then maybe use the multiplier circuit at the end taking 4,640 volts and mulyiplying it faster. I don't know if it'll work. But it would be something to experiment with.

Multipliers all work on AC. Once you have DC, you can't multiply any more. Unless you go to a circuit driven by a clocking circuit - which is kind of redundant when you have AC at hand. Read on through. You'll find how to get higher voltages.

There'll be at least a couple of posts more that will explain how to dimension a multiplier. Haven't gotten there yet. There's only so many hours in a weekend, and they are all gone now.

Gotta catch some more Zs. Work tomorrow.

@JRE I got a question from a friend at 4 this morning, and I actually am not sure about the answer. The question is "A 20 kHz pulse waveform consists of pulses that are 15 us wide. He is asking what the duty cycle will be in percentage?" I'm thinking its 30 percent ideally but most likely 25 -29 percent.

@ScientistSmithYT So what's the period?

@JRE You're doong great work. Trusr me when I say this, but the population should know this stuff like common knowledge.

1 second

That's the period.

of a 20kHz waveform? Nope

Hmm...

Oh wait

The period is the 15 us.

Looked at the wrong number.

nope, 15µs is the pulse width

@W5VO Then I guess he didn't give the period. My guess is he doesn't know the period.

The period = (1/frequency)

Is the frequency in this formula in hertz?

Hertz is frequently the units for frequency ;)

So that would be 0.00005

Correct.

But what unit is that number?

Seconds?

yes

and then duty cycle = (on time) / (period)

I don't have a calculator in front of me, but there's definitely enough information to come up with an "exact" answer.

He doesn't know the on time

So we know the period, but how do we find the on time?

Yes, he does. And, he told you. And, you told us.

Oh wait

I guess 4 in the morning struggling to find an answer to a question has been messing with me.

15 us

I got a ridiculous number

I did 15/0.00005=300,000

well, that's what happens when you use 15 seconds and not 15 µs

Oh. Wow! I'm lacking so much today.

the factor of a million errors are sometimes easy to spot

I got it! One sec

Nevermind its an even bigger number.

I did 150,000/0.00005= 3000000000

That's an interesting direction to take things

What do you mean?

How many microseconds (µs) are in 1 second?

1 million

so how many seconds is 15µs?

Hate to be a bore with dimensional analysis, but it helps a lot to catch mistakes

1.5 million

I think I see what I did wrong.

Nevermind

Or a similar question: How many seconds is 1µs?

0.000015

Yes, now your numbers are in the same units, and you can do math on them directly.

Ohh!!!

An equally valid method would be to convert the 0.00005 seconds to 50µs

So its 0.3 or 30 percent?

bingo

Got it!!!

Thanks for helping me on this. It got me so confused when he asked me the question.

I thought I was somewhat correct, but then I did the math again and again and again. And it got me so messed up.

So ideally it would be 30 percent but in real world areas its probably around 25-29 percent. He lives in a very warm area.

One thing that my teachers drove into my head was to always write out the units - it helps prevent honest mistakes

No idea what kind of thing you're talking about, so no comment on the 25-29% guess

Ok

I've been taught to learn math in my head and do the calculations in my head and only use a calculator to find the answers. Because on the state math testing they would only allow a calculator. Your state test would Be ripped up and you would be exempted and kicked out if you used paper and pencil. They had us doing algebra, logorithims, geometry, and square roots without paper and pencil.

That's the exact opposite of engineering classes

They wanted us to be able to do math on the go. Some of the math we did was pre calculus, and other college level coursework such as calculus and linear algebra.

I think the majority of classes required us to show our work or receive no credit, even if the answer was correct.

Yeah. The other thing was we had to get a 95 percent to pass High School. We only had 2 retakes. I failed my first one and passed the second one.

I guess that's the reason why people at my school were so smart and could talk to people and everyone say "what?" Yeah, they are strict.

Well, you sure make us say "what?" around here a lot :)

That's also the reason why the school only had 25 srudents in this years graduating class.

Yeah :)

In my perspective. I look at you guys as someone I can go to for things. But sometimes when I propose things and hear "what?" I'm like oh... But its just been the way I've been taught. If I can't do it at the moment, I must find a way.

And I think from our perspective, working on the fundamentals a touch would be appreciated.

I am finding my projects are always leaning towards more and more power being needed to power them. Its nice I guess to have a building that has its own substation powering it. But I hate looking at the couple thousand dollar electricity bill every month.

Which fundamentals do you think I need improvement on? Which ones exactly?

Not to be rude, but do you mind me asking what your education and experience is?

My education is a High School diploma. But my experience is in HVAC, HVDC systems, HV powerlines, I've been working in the wood industry part time as well as operated and still operating the HV equipment. I've fixed motors and wired and altered shop wiring. I've done some industrial welding and I've also had some recent experience in wiring PV systems on the shop I work at. (Wood)

That's just some of the experience I have. But I don't want to bore you.

Sorry, didn't mean to pry. What I mean is that there are several gaps in your knowledge of circuit behavior and how to solve for circuit parameters such as current and voltage. There is a qualitative understanding of how bits and pieces work that would serve you well.

I did hobbyist electronics in high school, and had a certain amount of a qualitative feel for how electronics worked.

(Specifically at the resistor, capacitor, diode, transistor level)

That intuitive sense is the most useful to me - it helps me scrutinize my simulations and calculations

Ok, and no dont worry about asking me about that. You're ok for asking me about my education and experience.

For me, a good understanding of when and where Ohm's law is useful, and some basic RC time constant type calculations got me pretty far in understanding things. For the voltage multipliers you're looking at, it would also serve you well.

And writing things out when you solve them is done by everyone, unless you've done the problem enough that you already know the answer. We don't show our work multiplying numbers, the work that is shown is how we select the numbers to multiply.

Ok

I used the basics of how a diode works and how a capacitor and AC works and behaves. Then analyzed them separately meanwhile knowing how current flows and behaves. I then after analyzing the properties I then understood how a half wave voktage doubler works. Then I did it.

I'm thinking if I use the same method of analysis for each part and put them together I can figure out and apply the voltage multiplier. But its all a learning process. And many learning processes have detours or other routes to take.

@W5VO Can you give me a specific list of specific areas I need to learn more about? And maybe what the best way is to learn about them is?

@JRE or @W5VO I just realized I made somewhat of a voltage booster and the beginnings of a multiplier circuit. One sec...

So I did everything accept the capacitor.

I used 125 VAC connected it to a 4 diode array. With no capacitor at the end. The RMS voltage was 123 VAC but I got 146 VDC on the output.

How do the diodes up the voltage. If anything I would expect it to be the same or a little less.

To me it makes no sense, but maybe there's something I'm missing that you may know. The image credit goes to @JRE .

The image you show is of a rectifier. It is not a voltage multiplier

It is used together with other rectifiers to make a Cockcroft-Walton multiplier.